Sol-Gel Processes for Fuel Fabrication (IAEA-161), Proceedings of a Panel organized by IAEA 21-24 May, 1973 (IAEA, Vienna, Austria. Proceedings of the Symposium on Sol-Gel Processes and Reactor Fuel Cycles, Gatlinburg, TN, 4– (ORNL Report CONF-700502, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970). Proceedings of the Conference on Sol-Gel Processes for Ceramic Nuclear Fuels, 6– (IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 1968). Sol-Gel Processes for the Production of Ceramic Nuclear Fuels, Symposium held in Turin, Italy, 2–3 October 1967 (CNEN, Rome, 1968). Majani, “Sol-Gel Processes and their Applications,” ENEA Report No. High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor: Fuels and Materials Report (IAEA-TECDOC-1645, Vienna, Austria, 2010).Ī. Thermal treatment of the UO 2 microspheres by calcination and reduction in hydrogen atmosphere was designed on the basis of differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis.ĭ. Other metals can be easy added to these sols.
Gelation through water extraction yielded perfect microspheres. In this method, the reduction step was omitted and uranyl (VI) ascorbate sols/hydroxyl sols were formed from a suspension of either a uranium trioxide or a uranyl nitrate solution. Substantial improvement in microsphere production was achieved by application of a sol-gel process in which ascorbic acid was used as strong complexing agent. First used was a classical process variant, as developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, consisting of (1) reduction of commercial uranyl to U(IV) nitrate (2) preparation of a sol by precipitation of uranium hydroxide, its peptization, and solvent extraction of nitrates and (3) gelation to microspheres by extraction of water through addition of a dewatered 2-ethyl-1-hexanol emulsion. Uranium dioxide (UO 2) microspheres were fabricated by two sol-gel processes.
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